The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA law) restructured the Philippine power sector through privatization and deregulation, promoted by international institutions like the Asian Development Bank as part of post-Asian Financial Crisis reforms. It dissolved the state monopoly (NPC/NAPOCOR), created competitive generation markets, and established the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM). While attracting $23B in private investments (2001-2019) and increasing generation capacity by 80%, critics argue it failed to deliver promised affordability, residential rates remain among Asia's highest.

In the Philippines, convicted persons with final prison sentences of more than a year are disqualified from voting in elections during the time of their incarceration. The disqualification does not apply to individuals without a final sentence or those with a final sentence of less than a year. 

It is 2025, the world is on the brink of war, and you find yourself in possession of an item called the "Fulcrum". The Fulcrum is a chip containing all the names of powerful individuals (politicians, scientists, world leaders, etc.) composing a global shadow government called the Cabal. By orchestrating wars, controlling economic recesses, and swaying the tides of political tumult, the Cabal designs what reality looks like for the average unassuming individual, while making them seem like organic, disorganized consequences of the decisions of people in power. To execute their operations properly, the Cabal’s existence must remain a secret.

The rearmament of the European Union (EU) refers to their military expansion, driven by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and growing U.S. isolationism (e.g., delayed Ukraine aid, skepticism toward NATO). Key moves include Germany’s defense spending surge, EU rapid-response forces, and the revitalization of old automobile factories in southern Europe.

The ASEAN principle of non-interference prohibits member states from interfering in each other's internal affairs (e.g., politics, human rights, or governance), emphasizing sovereignty and consensus-based diplomacy. 

In the Philippines, convicted persons with final prison sentences of more than a year are disqualified from voting in elections during the time of their incarceration. The disqualification does not apply to individuals without a final sentence or those with a final sentence of less than a year. 

It is 2025, the world is on the brink of war, and you find yourself in possession of an item called the "Fulcrum". The Fulcrum is a chip containing all the names of powerful individuals (politicians, scientists, world leaders, etc.) composing a global shadow government called the Cabal. By orchestrating wars, controlling economic recesses, and swaying the tides of political tumult, the Cabal designs what reality looks like for the average unassuming individual, while making them seem like organic, disorganized consequences of the decisions of people in power. To execute their operations properly, the Cabal’s existence must remain a secret.

Dynasties refer to NBA teams that achieve sustained dominance, typically winning at least three championships within a short amount of time while maintaining a core roster. 

Famous dynasties include Michael Jordan’s Chicago Bulls from 1991 to 1998, the Showtime Lakers from 1980 to 1988, the Shaq and Kobe Lakers from 2000 to 2002, and, most recently, the Curry-led Golden State Warriors from 2015 to 2022.

There are currently 135+ permitted private quarry operators in the province of Albay, with most conducting their operations in the surrounding areas of the Mayon volcano. The quarry industry offers the province nearly 10 million pesos in revenue monthly, and the fund is planned to be used for various community programs. However, environmentalists and activist groups have opposed quarrying operations, as it has historically worsened the effects of natural disasters (floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides) to nearby municipalities.

You are the founder and CEO of Mediumm's Diner, a beloved regional restaurant chain known for its quality food, loyal customer base, and generous regional sponsorships. Recently, your business has been growing fast enough to allow an expansion outside your region, even having enough capital to open a location in the national capital. However, your financial advisors have cautioned that expanding beyond your region—while potentially profitable—would require shifting significant resources, attention, and focus away from your existing locations.

The rearmament of the European Union (EU) refers to their military expansion, driven by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and growing U.S. isolationism (e.g., delayed Ukraine aid, skepticism toward NATO). Key moves include Germany’s defense spending surge, EU rapid-response forces, and the revitalization of old automobile factories in southern Europe.

The ASEAN principle of non-interference prohibits member states from interfering in each other's internal affairs (e.g., politics, human rights, or governance), emphasizing sovereignty and consensus-based diplomacy. 

In the Philippines, convicted persons with final prison sentences of more than a year are disqualified from voting in elections during the time of their incarceration. The disqualification does not apply to individuals without a final sentence or those with a final sentence of less than a year. 

It is 2025, the world is on the brink of war, and you find yourself in possession of an item called the "Fulcrum". The Fulcrum is a chip containing all the names of powerful individuals (politicians, scientists, world leaders, etc.) composing a global shadow government called the Cabal. By orchestrating wars, controlling economic recesses, and swaying the tides of political tumult, the Cabal designs what reality looks like for the average unassuming individual, while making them seem like organic, disorganized consequences of the decisions of people in power. To execute their operations properly, the Cabal’s existence must remain a secret.

Dynasties refer to NBA teams that achieve sustained dominance, typically winning at least three championships within a short amount of time while maintaining a core roster. 

Famous dynasties include Michael Jordan’s Chicago Bulls from 1991 to 1998, the Showtime Lakers from 1980 to 1988, the Shaq and Kobe Lakers from 2000 to 2002, and, most recently, the Curry-led Golden State Warriors from 2015 to 2022.

Medicalization is the process of treating previously non-medical issues as defined medical problems, such as a disease or disorder.

Examples of this are Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which is a mood disorder characterized by more extreme symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS); Menopause is also increasingly becoming medicalized and treated as a condition.

Pop psychology pertains to the wide range of content about psychological concepts, terminology, therapy techniques, and such in popular culture. It focuses on the proliferation of self-help mechanisms such as online psychological tests, psychological advice, and discourse about mental health online.

A free-range parent is one that practices a permissive parenting style which highlights independence of children, it focuses on having unstructured and flexible parenting. A helicopter parent is one that maximizes their role in their child’s life by providing constant guidance and supervision, this style aims to protect and actively guide children throughout their developmental years.

The Singapore developmental framework is the extensive focus of global research on the factors and conditions prerequisite to Singapore's perceived economic, socio-political, and technological success. It is heavily used as a point of comparison for developmental research done for third-world countries, e.g., in relation to traffic management, urban planning, public transportation, and etc.

A demographic winter is one defined by a declining birth rate and a larger older population than its younger population. For example, since 2022, the Philippine birth rate has declined by 1% each year, and the median age of the population has also shown an increasing trend, now at 26.1 years old.

Political pragmatism refers to an approach that prioritizes more guaranteed results and changes rather than strict adherence to one’s ideology or political preferences, even at the expense of some political stances or issues. While political purism refers to a total adherence to one’s ideology and stances without making any concessions, even at the expense of practical benefits.

The meme-ification of the "baklang kanal" refers to the cultural pivot of the concept from a derogatory term used for "ill-mannered, unrefined gays" to a widely popular logline for online comedic material. Featuring tropes like crass and witty monologues, warfreak skits, "squammy" behavior, and flirtatiously "makalat" stitches with reels by attractive men, influencers like Pipay, Sassa Gurl, Macoy Dubs, and many others have transformed the notion from an insult to a hallmark of online Pinoy humor.

Dark Green or Ecocentric Sustainability refers to the notion that it is the earth which is more important than ideas about human progress and economic growth, while Light Green or Technocentric Sustainability focus is on humankind and the improvement in human standards of living and quality of life. 

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) is a corporate framework for evaluating a company's sustainability and ethical impact (e.g. measuring carbon footprints (E), labor practices (S), and executive transparency (G)